Analysis丨What are the advantages and disadvantages of power batteries and energy storage batteries
Energy storage mainly refers to the storage of electrical energy. Energy storage is also a term in petroleum reservoirs, which represents the ability of the reservoir to store oil and gas. Energy storage itself is not an emerging technology, but from an industrial point of view, it has just emerged and is in its infancy.
So far, China has not reached the level of treating energy storage as an independent industry and introducing special support policies similar to the United States and Japan, especially in the absence of a payment mechanism for energy storage, the commercialization model of the energy storage industry has not yet taken shape.
Battery energy storage and high-power occasions generally use lead-acid batteries, mainly used for emergency power supply, battery cars, power plant surplus energy storage. Low-power applications can also use rechargeable dry batteries: such as nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion batteries, etc. This article follows the editor to understand the advantages and disadvantages of nine types of battery energy storage.
Advantages and disadvantages of battery energy storage (analysis of nine energy storage batteries)
First, lead-acid batteries
Key Benefits:
1. Easy to obtain raw materials and relatively low price;
2. Good high rate discharge performance;
3. Good temperature performance, can work in the environment of -40~+60°C;
4. Suitable for floating charging, long service life, no memory effect;
5. Waste batteries are easy to recycle, which is conducive to protecting the environment.
Main disadvantages:
1. Low specific energy, generally 30~40Wh/kg;
2. The service life is not as good as the Cd/Ni battery;
3. The manufacturing process is easy to pollute the environment, and it must be equipped with three waste treatment equipment.
Second, nickel-metal hydride batteries
Key Benefits:
1. Compared with lead-acid batteries, the energy density has been greatly improved, the weight energy density is 65Wh/kg, and the volume energy density is increased by 200Wh/L;
2. High power density, high current charge and discharge;
3. Good low temperature discharge characteristics;
4. Cycle life (increased to 1000 times);
5. Environmental protection and pollution-free;
6. The technology is relatively mature for lithium-ion batteries.
Main disadvantages:
1. The normal working temperature range is -15~40 °C, and the high temperature performance is poor;
2. Low working voltage, working voltage range 1.0~1.4V;
3. The price is more expensive than lead-acid batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries, but the performance is worse than lithium-ion batteries.
Third, lithium-ion batteries
Key Benefits:
1. High specific energy;
2. High voltage platform;
3. Good cycle performance;
4. No memory effect;
5. Environmental protection, no pollution; It is currently one of the best potential electric vehicle power batteries.
4. Supercapacitors
Key Benefits:
1. High power density;
2. Short charging time.
Main disadvantages:
The energy density is low, only 1-10Wh/kg, and the supercapacitor cruising range is too short to be used as the mainstream power supply for electric vehicles.
Advantages and disadvantages of battery energy storage (analysis of nine energy storage batteries)
5. Fuel cells
Key Benefits:
1. High specific energy and long mileage of the car;
2. High power density, high current charge and discharge;
3. Environmental protection, no pollution.
Main disadvantages:
1. The system is complex and the technical maturity is poor;
2. The construction of hydrogen supply system is lagging behind;
3. There are high requirements for sulfur dioxide in the air. Due to the serious domestic air pollution, fuel cell vehicles in China have a short lifespan.
6. Sodium-sulfur battery
Advantage:
1. High specific energy (theoretical 760wh/kg; actual 390wh/kg);
2. High power (discharge current density can reach 200~300mA/cm2);
3. Fast charging speed (full 30min);
4. Long life (15 years; or 2500~4500 times);
5. No pollution, recyclable (Na,S recovery rate nearly 100%); 6. No self-discharge phenomenon, high energy conversion rate;
Insufficient:
1. The working temperature is high, its working temperature is 300~350 degrees, the battery needs a certain amount of heating and heat preservation when working, and the start is slow;
2. The price is expensive, 10,000 yuan / kWh;
3. Poor safety.
7. Flow battery (vanadium battery)
Merit:
1. Safe and deep discharge;
2. Large scale, unlimited tank size;
3. There is a large charge and discharge rate;
4. Long life and high reliability;
5. No emission, low noise;
6. Fast charging and discharging switching, only 0.02 seconds;
7. Site selection is not subject to geographical restrictions.
Shortcoming:
1. Cross-contamination of positive and negative electrolytes;
2. Some need to use expensive ion exchange membranes;
3. The volume of the two parts of the solution is large and the specific energy is low;
4. The energy conversion efficiency is not high.
8. Lithium-air battery
Fatal flaws:
Lithium oxide (Li2O), a solid reaction product, accumulates at the positive electrode, blocking the electrolyte's contact with air, causing the discharge to stop. Scientists believe that lithium-air batteries are 10 times more powerful than lithium-ion batteries and can provide the same amount of energy as gasoline. Lithium-air batteries absorb oxygen from the air to charge, so such batteries can be smaller and lighter. Many laboratories around the world are working on this technology, but without a major breakthrough, it may take another 10 years to achieve commercial use.
9. Lithium-sulfur battery (lithium-sulfur battery is a kind of high-capacity energy storage system with great development prospects)
Merit:
1. High energy density, theoretical energy density can reach 2600Wh/kg;
2. Low cost of raw materials;
3. Less energy consumption;
4. Low toxicity.
Although lithium-sulfur battery research has experienced decades and achieved many results in the past 10 years, it is still far from practical application.